<html><head><title>National Security Sprawl</title>


<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="65%">
  <tbody><tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="1480" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
    </td>
    <td rowspan="21" width="2%"> <font color="#ffffff">o</font></td>
    <td rowspan="21" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="4%"> 
      <p><font color="#cccccc">oo</font></p>
      
    </td>
    <td rowspan="21" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="84%"> 
      <p><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">in:<br>
        </font><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><i>Sensing 
        the 21st Century City: Close-Up and Remote</i><br>
        Brian McGrath and Grahame Shane (eds.)<i><br>
        A</i></font><font color="#000000" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">D 
        Architectural Design<br>
        Vol. 75 No. 6 Nov/Dec 2005<br>
        Wiley-Academy (London)<br>
        pp 80-85.</font></p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>National Security Sprawl<br>
        </b>by Deborah Natsios<br>
        </font><a href="index.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-01-birdstrike_002.jpe" border="0" height="600" width="517"></a></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Birdstrike</b></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Greater Washington DC's airspace 
        offers strategic overviews of tangled metropolitan landscapes shaped by 
        the exigencies of successive national security paradigms. In the hour 
        before it crashed into the west faade of the Pentagon at 9:38AM 
        on 11 September 2001, hijacked American Airlines flight 77 mapped a provocative 
        trajectory above this complex domain, tracking national security landmarks 
        embedded in one of the nation's fastest-growing urbanised formations <font size="-1"><i><u>1</u></i></font>. 
        Within the hour, the capital region's snarled American-dream sprawl would 
        be transformed into the unprecedented threatscape of the 'homeland'. </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Los Angeles-bound flight 
        had headed west from suburban Dulles International Airport before stealthily 
        doubling back towards the capital city with transponder deactived <i><font size="-1"><u>2</u></font></i>, 
        navigating a final overflight of Northern Virginia's anarchic exurban 
        terrain. Beneath the opportunistic flightpath, national security institutions 
        and defence contractors lay discreetly camouflaged within a congested 
        topography of subdivisions, big-box retailers, cineplexes, regional malls 
        and information technology hubs. </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">At Dulles' southern perimeter, 
        in Chantilly, Virginia, the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) - maker 
        of the country's classified spy satellites - huddled in a once-clandestine 
        $350-million suburban headquarters <u><i><font size="-1">3</font></i></u>. 
        The NRO shared a paradigmatic suburban enclave with its top contractors 
        - including Aerospace Corporation, Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin 
        - the pastoral embellishments of an 'exclusive master-planned business 
        community with state-of-the-art business setting amidst an environment 
        with expansive green spaces, parks, ponds and trails' <u><i><font size="-1">4</font></i></u> 
        . Closer to the Pentagon, in Langley, the Central Intelligence Agency 
        (CIA) - developer of CORONA <u><i><font size="-1">5</font></i></u>, the 
        nation's first photoreconnaissance satellite system - was sequestered 
        in a complex modelled on an academic campus prototype. Surrounded by evocatively 
        seigneurial neighborhoods - Savile Manor, Downcrest and Rokeby Farm - 
        the CIA had taken refuge in suburban standards that codified the spatial 
        and functional isolation of properties. Free-standing structures set back 
        on greenscaped lots invited convenient anonymity rather than interaction.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Guided by a bird's-eye view 
        of autumnal landscapes and glinting Potomac River wending below, hijackers 
        manoeuvred the Boeing 767 towards the pentagonal fortress at the margins 
        of the capital's exemplary geometries. In the last minutes of flight, 
        a catastrophic earthbound spiral from an altitude of 7,000 feet collapsed 
        institutional distinctions that stubbornly segregated aerial from terrestrial 
        intelligence collection - as reconnaissance's privileged eye-in-the-sky 
        was crushed into the earthbound object of its predatory scrutiny. <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 
        1)</font></i></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Long before Flight 77 tracked 
        Northern Virginia's defence topography, the region was first surveyed 
        by air in 1861 when a Union balloon hovering near Arlington helped orchestrate 
        a successful attack against Confederate troops <u><i><font size="-1">6</font></i></u>. 
        In intervening years, aerial and satellite technologies imaged the region's 
        unruly growth for civilian applications, informing contentious processes 
        of regional planning, traffic analysis and environmental evaluation. After 
        11 September, Greater Washington would submit to a new generation of 'persistent 
        surveillance', including the military's experimental use of sensor-equipped 
        blimps for aerial command-and-control <u><i><font size="-1">7</font></i></u>.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>War Sprawl</b></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Department of Defense bulwark 
        targeted on September 11 had provided the principal gateway for Northern 
        Virginia's defence development on its completion in 1943, attracting dense 
        clusters of contractors to its perimeter in Arlington County. These included 
        the hijacked aircraft's own manufacturer, the Boeing Corporation, which, 
        with contracts totaling $13.3 billion, was the nation's second-ranked 
        vendor in 2001 <u><i><font size="-1">8</font></i></u> . <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 
        2)</font></i></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Expansion of Greater Washington's 
        government bureaucracies and technocracies, of regional infrastructures, 
        settlements and population had accelerated with security crises <u><i><font size="-1">9</font></i></u> 
        from the Civil War through the two World Wars, the Korean conflict, Cold 
        War, Vietnam and current Middle East campaigns. Defence installations 
        and symbiotic contractors would become a mainstay of the area's economy. 
        By 2004, TRW, Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and DynCorp 
        alone employed more than 100,000 workers around the region <u><i><font size="-1">10</font></i></u> 
        . Spurred by government-related employment - much of it linked to the 
        national security sector - Greater Washington had by 2001 evolved into 
        a mostly suburban metropolitan formation of 6,000 square miles with a 
        population approaching 6,000,000 <u><i><font size="-1">11</font></i></u>. 
        <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 3)</font> </i></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">At the height of the Cold War, 
        defence development invaded Fairfax County with the completion of Dulles 
        International Airport (1962), the National Defense Highway System's circumferential 
        Capital Beltway (1964) - its diameter calculated to exceed a thermonuclear 
        detonation centered on the capital - and new CIA headquarters (1962) <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 
        4)</font></i>. Anticipating unprecedented scales of consumerism, another 
        1960s landmark emerged minutes from the CIA. At the nexus of the emerging 
        car-culture - the confluence of the Beltway and three major highways - 
        the country's first regional mega-mall was established at Tysons Corner. 
        Within a generation, a new urbanised typology would accrete around the 
        mall's core. The edge-city - a building pattern defined as having at least 
        5 million square feet leasable office space and at least 600,000 square 
        feet leasable retail space - introduced a significant suburban phenomenon: 
        more jobs than bedrooms <u><i><font size="-1">12</font></i></u>. </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Today, Tysons Corner's edge-city 
        jobs include leading defence employers Raytheon, BAE Systems, DynCorp, 
        Bechtel, Northrop Grumman and Science Applications International, who 
        share real-estate with the 'largest mass of retail operations on the East 
        Coast, after Manhattan's' <u><i><font size="-1">13</font></i></u>. Puchasers 
        of stand-off weapons, early-warning systems and hostile-artillery location 
        systems can also shop at Banana Republic, Brooks Brothers and The Disney 
        Store <u><i><font size="-1">14</font></i></u>. The convergence of national 
        security, transportation and consumer infrastructures was the defining 
        armature of Northern Virginia's suburban expansion.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Miles from the Capital's triumphalist 
        monuments and circumspect war memorials, artefacts of the national security 
        infrastructure have been normalised within suburban landscapes. Civil 
        War forts were absorbed into the capital's arcadian park system. The W-83 
        Nike missile launch facility became a neighbourhood landmark in Great 
        Falls, Virginia. A microwave station of the U.S. Army Strategic Communications 
        Command towers over the malls at Tysons Corner <u><i><font size="-1">15</font></i></u>. 
        <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 5, 6)</font></i></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">If the District of Columbia 
        was the emblematic centre of defence policy - the suburbs hosted the evolving 
        war industry, a war machine banalized by the very real-estate market forces 
        that were shaping the anonymous complexities of sprawl.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Home Invasion</b></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The 11 September attack inaugurated 
        a new chapter in a regional history that had seen metropolitan growth 
        surge with evolving security paradigms. The landmarks of Pierre Charles 
        L'Enfant's seminal Plan of 1791 - tangible symbols of democracy, national 
        unity and power - were deemed vulnerable. The National Capital Planning 
        Commission, overseer of urban design and preservation, introduced to the 
        monumental core an aestheticised arsenal - hardened street furniture, 
        bollards and plinth walls - to fortify building perimeters <u><i><font size="-1">16</font></i></u>. 
        Jersey barriers and reinforced planters frame the new blast-proof streetscape. 
        Street and sidewalk closures limited public access to sensitive locations. 
        Roadblocks and checkpoints challenged motorists and pedestrians. 'Flexibility 
        and choice' are diminished in a city whose foundational masterplan promoted 
        transparency, vision and access <u><i><font size="-1">17</font></i></u>. 
        </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">With the goal of safeguarding 
        high-value targets of the capital's symbolic core, aggressive protocols 
        were also deployed to manage the chaotic landscapes of the metropolitan 
        periphery. The anarchic civilian geography of outlying suburbs would be 
        subjected to provocative security interventions as sprawl's diffuse spaces 
        were disciplined by the capital city's emerging technologies of political 
        control. Invasive technologies threatened to perforate citizenship's privileged 
        constitutional envelope <u><i><font size="-1">18</font></i></u>, however, 
        jeopardising legal protections surrounding the coveted emblem of individual 
        rights: the single-family home on its consecrated plot of primal green.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Transgressive enforcement methodologies 
        were exhibited on a cloudy morning in March 2002, when 150 heavily armed 
        federal agents invaded Northern Virginia's fragmented sprawl. Fanning 
        out across scattered settlements west of Washington DC and watershed landscapes 
        south of the Potomac, they conducted raids on a dozen area residences, 
        businesses and non-profit organizations <u><i><font size="-1">19</font></i></u> 
        . Targeted sites included single-family homes and office buildings in 
        Fairfax County, most clustered together conspicuously near Dulles Airport 
        in the 'boom town' of Herndon, on the Loudoun County border. <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 
        7)</font></i></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Acting on an alleged 'criminal 
        conspiracy to provide material support to terrorist organizations by a 
        group of Middle Eastern nationals living in Northern Virginia" <u><i><font size="-1">20</font></i></u>, 
        the Operation Green Quest task force, comprising US Customs Service, IRS, 
        FBI and Secret Service, disrupted suburban equanimity as agents 'broke 
        doors and locks, brandished guns, and used handcuffs while they ransacked 
        homes and offices' <u><i><font size="-1">21</font></i></u>.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A subversive community of co-conspirators 
        had allegedly exploited sprawl's unruly dislocations, infiltrating Fairfax 
        County's heterogeneous mix of mandarin power and common democratic culture, 
        tainting the suburban refuge of manicured lawns, asphalt driveways and 
        culs-de-sac that are home to a population of over 1,000,000. <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 
        8)</font></i></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The raids, and those that followed, 
        signaled that Northern Virginia's swathe of Greater Washington DC sprawl 
        - a rapidly evolving region shaped by the competing interests of homeowners, 
        regional planners, developers, highway engineers and environmentalists 
        - was being remapped under the new geography of national security threat 
        <font size="-1"> <i>(Fig. 9)</i></font>. As they tracked allegedly illicit 
        financial practices, federal agents plotted the contours of an improbable 
        new battlefield along snarled transportation corridors and layers of impervious 
        asphalt that had supplanted the region's wildlife habitats and agricultural 
        greenfields.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Threatscape</b></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Unfolding beyond the historic 
        city's boundaries, Greater Washington - home to one of the nation's largest 
        Muslim populations <u><i><font size="-1">22</font></i></u> - had been 
        cast as a distinctive locus of 'homeland', the emerging nationalist project 
        that is reclassifying civilian landscapes as threatscape's defensible 
        space. </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">With shrewd nomenclature, homeland 
        taxonomies idealise national landscapes to enlist public support for a 
        campaign to design a geography of threat. Landscapes nostalgically extolled 
        in 'land of the free, and home of the brave' support uncritical narratives 
        of national origin, unity, continuity and destiny. In their invasive sweeps 
        across Fairfax and Loudoun county sprawl, the authorities were constructing 
        an incipient homeland cartography.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Homeland invokes both moral 
        order and the spatial conditions of suburban settlement. The iconic diagram 
        of home set within the land betrays the culture's predilection for pastoral 
        rather than urban exemplars, privileging green lawns over city sidewalks. 
        With most of Americans residing in suburbs <u><i><font size="-1">23</font></i></u>, 
        threats against this dominant environment command the public's attention 
        as well as its acquiescence to government interventions.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Information Battlespace</b></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">During the Civil War, the Defenses 
        of Washington (1862) - a circumferential ring of fortified installations 
        - successfully safeguarded the vulnerable city. Since 11 September, 'next-generation' 
        technologies are administering sprawl's unrestrained landscapes. Streets, 
        sidewalks and back yards that shape the suburban imagination are being 
        re-imaged in military-grade surveillance and satellite-based GPS. Constructed 
        in real and near-real time, sprawl's unpredictable legacy of subdivisions, 
        culs-de-sac, big-box retailers, parking lots, fast-food franchises and 
        high-tech corridors are being reconceptualized as 'battlespace' <u><i><font size="-1">24</font></i></u>, 
        the multidimensional battlefield constructed by sensor and reporting technologies 
        that conduct intelligence collection, surveillance and reconnaissance. 
        Reconstituted in GIS scene mapping and mission planning softwares <u><i><font size="-1">25</font></i></u> 
        - suburban sanctuaries are captive to command-and-control arsenals which 
        have supplanted the omniscient bird's-eye overview. </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">New technologies reveal latent 
        infrastructures of political control already embedded in suburban landscapes. 
        They expose consumer-driven sprawl as uniquely manipulable information 
        space <i><font size="-1">(Fig. 10)</font></i>. The single-family home 
        is a rich lode of sensitive information about debt, cars, credit cards, 
        banking, taxes, travel, school performance and medical history. Data mining's 
        invasive pattern-recognition algorithms - developed from statistics, artificial 
        intelligence and machine learning - scour massive databases on behalf 
        of the government, seeking 'interesting knowledge'<u><i><font size="-1"> 
        26</font></i></u>. Sprawl's complex information space has become captive 
        to panoptic schemes of 'multiple cartographies of surveillance' <u><i><font size="-1">27</font></i></u>.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Next-Generation Sprawl</b></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">National security expansion 
        continues to shape Greater Washington DC sprawl. Stringent new security 
        regulations adopted after 11 September - including 82-foot building setbacks 
        as a precaution against truck bombs - will require as many as 50,000 Department 
        of Defense personnel currently occupying some 8 million square feet of 
        rented space in 140 Northern Virginia buildings to relocate to secure 
        sites in outer suburbs beyond the Beltway <u><i><font size="-1">28</font></i></u>. 
        Defence contractors are expected to follow, a migration that could 'exacerbate 
        the region's traffic, destabilize the real estate market and flood already 
        crowded schools' <u><i><font size="-1">29</font></i></u> and 'increase 
        suburban sprawl and frustrate "smart growth" efforts in urban 
        areas'. <u><i><font size="-1">30</font></i></u></font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">As sprawl landscapes are hardened 
        behind barbwired buffer zones and government transparency reduced by dark 
        tinted windows, the encroachment of the national security domain - often 
        under cloak of secrecy - has consequences for civilian space and civil 
        liberties. Information activists are harnessing new technologies to educate 
        the public and reverse-engineer the panopticon effect. Web-based initiatives 
        such as Cryptome [www.cryptome.org], GlobalSecurity [www.globalsecurity.org], 
        the National Security Archive [www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/], the Federation 
        of American Scientists [www.fas.org] and Memory Hole [www.thememoryhole.org], 
        as well as online discussion forums, function as national security watchdogs. 
        They offer powerful tools for public education - often in the face of 
        government opposition. Information transparency is empowering the public 
        with critical bird's-eye views of the homeland's contested battlespace.</font></p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+++++++++++++++</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">FOOTNOTES</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">1 <br>
        Vera Cohn and Michael Laris, 'Metro Area Population Continues Upward Trend: 
        Loudoun County Among Nation's Fastest Growing According to Census', <i>Washington 
        Post</i>, 15 April 2005, A01; see www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52779-2005Apr14.html.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">2 <br>
        <i>The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 
        The 911 Commission Report, </i>Government Printing Office (Washington 
        DC), 2004, pp 2-35; see www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">3<br>
        'Senate Amendment No. 2502: To Withold Funds Allocated for Construction 
        of the Headquarters Buildings of the National Reconnaissance Office,' 
        Congressional Record, 10 August 1994; see www.fas.org/irp/congress/1994_cr/s940810-dod-nro.htm.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">4<br>
        Cassidy &amp; Pinkard is the area's largest locally owned commercial real 
        estate firm: 'Cassidy &amp; Pinkard Arranges Sale of Corporate Point III 
        in Westfields', www.cassidypinkard.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=4365.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">5 <br>
        National Reconnaissance Office, 'Corona', www.nro.gov/corona/facts.html.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">6 <br>
        US Centennial of Flight Commission, 'Balloons in the American Civil War',<br>
        www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Civil_War_balloons/LTA5.htm.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">7 <br>
        Steve Vogel, 'Military Has High Hopes For New Eye in the Sky: Sensor-Equipped 
        Blimps Could Aid Homeland Security', <i>Washington Post</i>, 8 August 
        2003, B01.</font></p>
      <p></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><br>
        8<br>
        Department of Defense Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 
        '100 Companies Receiving The Largest Dollar Volume Of Prime Contract Awards: 
        Fiscal Year 2001'. www.dior.whs.mil/peidhome/procstat/p01/fy2001/top100.htm.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">9 <br>
        Atlee E. Shidler [ed], <i>Greater Washington in 1980: A State of the Region 
        Report, </i>The Greater Washington Research Center (Washington DC), 1980, 
        pp 6-9.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">10 <br>
        Martin Kady and Mike Sunnucks "'Bandits" Bank on Bush: Federal 
        Contractors Pin Hopes on Defense Boost', <i>Washington Business Journal</i>, 
        1 June 2001; see www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2001/06/04/story1.html 
        (May 15, 2005).</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">11<br>
        Greater Washington Initiative, "Get Regional Facts",<br>
        http://www.greaterwashington.org/regional/quick_facts/index.htm.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">12 <br>
        Joel Garreau, <i>Edge City: Life on the New Frontier, </i>Anchor Press, 
        (New York), 1992, pp 6-7.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">13 <br>
        Brent Stringfellow, 'Personal City: Tysons Corner and the Question of 
        Identity' in A. Bingaman, L. Sanders, and R. Zorach [eds], <i>Embodied 
        Utopias: Gender, Social Change, and the Modern Metropolis</i>, Routledge, 
        (New York), 2002, p 174.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">14<br>
        'Tysons Corner Center: Mall Directory'<br>
        http://www.shoptysons.com/searchstore/index.cfm.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">15<br>
        'US Army Strategic Communications Command Microwave Station, Tysons Corner, 
        VA (Fort Ritchie Site E)', http://coldwar-c4i.net/Site_E/index.html, May 
        27, 2001 and 'Warrenton Station B', www.fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">16<br>
        National Capital Planning Commission, <i>The National Capital Urban Design 
        and Security Plan</i>, NCPC, (Washington DC), October 2002, pp 6-10.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">National Capital 
        Planning Commission, <i>Designing for Security in the Nation's Capital: 
        A Report by the Interagency Task Force of the National Capital Planning 
        Commission</i>, www.ncpc.gov/planning_init/security/DesigningSec.pdf.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">17<br>
        Maureen Fan, 'Block by Block, Access Denied: Security Just One Reason 
        D.C. Has Moved Beyond L'Enfant', <i>Washington Post</i>, 22 August 2004, 
        A01; see www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A22340-2004Aug21.html.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">18<br>
        Simson Garfinkel, <i>Database Nation: The Death of Privacy in the 21st 
        Century</i>, O'Reilly &amp; Associates, Inc (Sebastopol, CA), 2000, pp 
        1-12.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">19<br>
        'In the Matter of Searches Involving 555 Grove Street, Herndon, Virginia, 
        and Related Locations: [Proposed Redacted] Affidavit in Support of Application 
        for Search Warrant, US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, 
        Alexandria Division, October 2003, www.usdoj.gov/usao/vae/ArchivePress/OctoberPDFArchive/03/safaaffid102003.pdf.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">20 <i>Ibid</i>, p 
        6.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">21 <br>
        Nancy Dunne, 'Attack On Terrorism - US Homefront: US Muslims see their 
        American Dreams Die', <i>Financial Times</i>, 2 May 2002; see http://specials.ft.com/attackonterrorism/FT3P6NEVBZC.html.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">22 <br>
        District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia Advisory Committees to the 
        U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 'Civil Rights Concerns in the Metropolitan 
        Washington, D.C. Area in the Aftermath of the September 11, 2001, Tragedies: 
        Chapter 2', June 2003, www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/dc0603/ch2.htm. </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">23 <br>
        Dolores Hayden, <i>Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth 1820-2000</i>,<br>
        Pantheon (New York), 2003, p 3.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">24<br>
        National Defense University, Stuart Johnson and Martin Libicki (eds.), 
        <i>Dominant Battlespace Knowledge</i>, NDU Press Book (Washington DC), 
        1995.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">25 </font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">ESRI, GIS for Homeland 
        Security, ESRI White Paper, November 2001, www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/homeland_security_wp.pdf.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">26<br>
        Usama Fayyaad, Gregory Platetsky-Shapiro and Padhraic Smyth, 'From Data 
        Mining to Knowledge Discovery in Databases', American Association of Artificial 
        Intelligence: <i>AI Magazine</i> 17, Fall 1996, pp 37-51.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">27<br>
        Mark Monmonier, <i>Spying With Maps: Surveillance Technologies and the 
        Future of Privacy</i>. University of Chicago Press (Chicago and London) 
        2002, pp 1-16.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">28<br>
        Spencer S. Hsu, 'Defense Jobs in N.Va. At Risk: Many Buildings Fall Short 
        of New Security Standards',<i> Washington Post</i>, 10 May 2005, A01; 
        see www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/09/AR2005050901087.html.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">29<br>
        David Cho, 'Base Plan Undercuts Sprawl Battle: Region's Leaders Criticize 
        Job Shifts',<br>
        <i>Washington Post</i>, 15 May 2005, A01; see www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/14/AR2005051401190.html.</font></p>
      <p><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1">30<br>
        Hsu, <i>op cit</i>, A01.</font></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="45" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p align="center"><a href="pages/natsios-01-birdstrike.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-01-birdstrike.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><i><br>
        <font color="#ffffff">fig. 1</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="287" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="91" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-02-warsprawl-2.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-02-warsprawl.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 2</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="33" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="47" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-03-parallels.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-03-parallels.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 3</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="141" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="47" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-04-mil-roads.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-04-mil-roads.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 4</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="357" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="104" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-05-radius.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-05-radius.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 5</font></i></p>
      <p align="center"><a href="pages/natsios-06-potomac.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-06-potomac.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 6</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="483" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="94" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-07-herndon.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-07-herndon.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 7</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="216" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="96" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-08-home.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-08-home.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 8</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="13" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="47" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-09-threatscape.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-09-threatscape.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 9</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="770" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="96" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p><a href="pages/natsios-10-tysons.htm"><img src="AD-WEB-essay-dec-05_files/natsios-10-tysons.jpe" border="0" height="75" width="64"></a><br>
        <i><font color="#ffffff">fig. 10</font></i></p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="370" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="19" valign="top" width="10%"> 
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td align="center" bgcolor="#000000" height="1453" valign="top" width="10%">&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</body></html>